Planning is deciding in advance the objectives to be achieved during a given period, formulating alternative courses of action to achieve them and selecting the best course of action. It is connected with what is to be done and how it is to be done. We also get to know about the other topics in this chapter and that are concept of planning, Importance of planning, Features of planning, Limitations of planning, Planning process, Types of plans, Objectives, Strategy, Policy, Procedure, Method, Rule, Programme and Budget.
Planning involves setting the objectives and stating the ways to achieve them. This clearly defines what the employees have to do, when to do, how to do and for whom to do. Thus, planning provides direction to employees and departments to work in coordination.
The type of planning process highlighted in the above case is called Strategy. It helps to define the scope and direction of the organization in the long-run.
There are three dimensions of strategy for achieving organizational goals:
1. Determining long-term objectives.
2. Adopting a particular course of action.
3. Allocating resources necessary to achieve objectives.
Rules are considered as the simplest type of plans because there is no change, compromise or flexibility in following them.
Rama Stationery Mart has adopted a policy of payment of making all the payments by e-transfers only. Policy is a general statement that defines boundaries, within which decisions are made and they direct decisions towards the accomplishment of objectives.
No, planning does not work in a dynamic environment because the business environment has a large number of factors that keeps on changing and the organization has to adapt itself to such changes. When planning cannot assess future trends exactly, it fails in the dynamic environment.
Planning is deciding in advance the objectives to be achieved during a given period, formulating alternative courses of action to achieve them and selecting the best course of action. It involves the selection of objectives, policies, procedures and programmes among alternatives. The main aspects of planning are:
(i) What to do?
(ii) How to do?
(iii) When to do?
(iv) For whom to do?
The success of any organization is possible only when they do proper planning and then execute them properly. In order to achieve the organizational goals the plans need to be translated into action otherwise it will become meaningless.
The manager usually depends on the previously tried and tested plans which are successful at that time. And then they use those plans in a similar situation because they thought that these plans have worked before too. But, the business environment is dynamic in nature and rigid plans will not provide guarantee of success.
Strategy is a comprehensive plan, which includes three dimensions for achieving organization goals, to determine long term objectives, to adapt a particular course of action and to allocate resources necessary to achieve objectives. The major strategic decision taken by business organizations are:
1. Whether the company will continue the existing business?
2. Whether the company will add some new product to the business?
3. What kind of pricing policy should be used?
4. How do they advertise the product?
5. What channel of distribution should be used?
Planning is a very important and challenging function because it provides direction and reduces the risk of uncertainty by preparing forecasts. It is an intellectual process which involves finding better ideas and better methods to perform a particular job. And the planning process is carried out by the top management level and the rest of the members just implement these plans.
They are neither allowed to take part in the planning process nor permitted to act on their own. And this leads to reduction in creativity and innovation.
The type of plan highlighted in the above case is called strategy. Strategy is a comprehensive plan, which includes three dimensions for achieving organizational goals:
1. Determining long-term objectives.
2. Adopting a particular course of action.
3. Allocating resources necessary to achieve objectives.
a. This is a single-use plan called budget. Budge is a statement of expected results expressed in numerical terms. It is a projection designed to define the anticipated cost and results in numerical terms of a single project.
b. This is a standing plan called method. Method provides the prescribed ways or manner, in which a task has to be performed considering the objectives. It deals with a task which may be a step of a procedure and specifies how a step is to be performed.
Planning is the most important activity as it tells where to go. And it provides direction and reduces the risk of uncertainty by preparing forecasts. And it is extremely important to invest enough time and money to formulate plans for the success of the organization. But due to the dynamic nature of the business environment the plans of the organization do not work accordingly. This is because it has various limitations and due to which the organizations would not be able to achieve its objectives. Followings are the limitations of planning:
1. Planning leads to rigidity: A specific plan made in an organization indicates the objective to be achieved and the ways of doing work. And a manager may not be able to change these plans, it leads to rigidity.
2. Planning may not work in a dynamic environment: Business environment consists of social, economical, legal, political, and technological factors which keep on changing. And the organization has to adapt these changes by itself. But planning cannot exactly assess the future trends and thus fails in a dynamic environment.
3. Planning reduces creativity: Planning is the activity which is performed by the top level of management and the members of middle and lower level of management are there just to implement these plans. They are neither allowed to participate in the planning process nor permitted to act on their own. And this leads to reduction in creativity and innovation.
4. Planning involves huge costs: Planning involves a lot of time, cost and efforts of the managers. It requires collection of data, boardroom meetings, investigation and discussion with experts and it involves a lot of expenditures of the organization. And sometimes the cost incurred may not justify the benefits derived from the plans.
5. Planning is a time consuming process: Sometimes the planning process takes a lot of time and due to which there is not much time left for their implementation. And this leads to failure of planning.
6. Planning does not guarantee success: The success of planning totally depends upon its implementation. And lack of proper implementation leads to failure of planning. Though the plan has worked earlier, it may not work again due to change in the external environment.
Planning means to decide in advance what to do and how to do. It is an activity which follows certain logical steps.
1. Setting objectives: Every organization works to achieve some objectives. So the first step of the planning is to define and describe the objectives of the organization. And once the objective is decided then these objectives should be communicated to all the units and employees.
2. Developing premises: Planning is concerned with the future, which is uncertain and every manager assumes about what might happen in future. Therefore the manager is required to make certain assumptions about the future. And these assumptions are known as premises. Premises are the base, upon which plans are drawn. They may be forecasts, existing plans or past information.
3. Identifying alternative courses of action: Once the objectives and planning premises are established, it becomes necessary to discover the various courses of action, which will be used to achieve the established objectives and the must know all the alternatives to achieve the objectives.
4. Evaluating alternative courses: After that the next step is to analyze the pro and cons of each alternative. It is important to evaluate the negative and positive aspect of each alternative to achieve the objectives. It involves a number of calculations to measure the cost and benefits related to an alternative.
5. Selecting an alternative: After evaluating the alternative course the next step is to selecting an alternative. And this is the real point of decision-making. The best plan has to be adopted and implemented. An ideal plan should be the one which is most profitable, most feasible and has least negative consequences.
6. Implementing the plan: The main role of this step is to put the plan into action and do what is required. And then the managers start to communicate the plans to the employees and initiate them to carry out the activities according to the specifications of plans.
7. Follow-up action: Since, planning is the continuous process so the managers keep on following up the plans to ensure that all the activities should be performed as per the schedule. Monitoring the plan is important to ensure achievement of objectives.
The features of planning highlighted in the above case are:
1. Planning is pervasive: Planning is required at all levels of management as well as in all departments of the organization. It is not a function restricted to top level but it is performed by managers at every level. Where the top level management forms organizational plans, the middle level does departmental planning, and the lower level makes plans for the day-to-day working or the organization.
2) Planning is futuristic: Planning is based on forecasting and it is prepared for the future. The main purpose of planning is to meet future events effectively to the best advantage of an organization. It implies looking into the future, analyzing it and predicating it. Thus planning is a futuristic process.
3. Planning is a mental exercise: Planning is a mental exercise as it requires creativity, imagination and higher thinking skills with sound judgement. It is an intellectual activity of thinking. It requires logical and systematic thinking rather than guesswork or wishful thinking.
Planning is the process of deciding in advance what is to be done. It involves setting objectives and developing an appropriate strategy to achieve them. In management, planning serves as a roadmap for aligning resources and guiding the efforts of the team toward set goals.
Setting objectives is the first and essential step in planning. It provides a clear direction and focus, helps in formulating strategies, and serves as a basis for measuring progress and controlling activities.
One limitation of planning is rigidity. Once plans are made, they often reduce flexibility, as managers might stick to the predefined course of action even when external conditions change.
In management, different types of plans are used, such as:
Planning plays a crucial role in decision-making as it requires gathering relevant information, evaluating alternatives, and choosing the best course of action. This systematic approach reduces uncertainty and helps managers make informed decisions, leading to better use of resources, time management, and minimization of risks.
Planning ensures that resources are used efficiently by clearly outlining who will do what, when, and how. By eliminating ambiguity and clarifying responsibilities, it reduces duplication of effort, unnecessary steps, and wastage of resources, thus improving productivity.
The planning process involves several critical steps:
Planning provides a clear direction by setting well-defined objectives, guiding employees on the course of action, and establishing a timeline for achieving the goals. It reduces uncertainty by enabling managers to anticipate future events and challenges, thereby preparing for potential risks. Planning also ensures coordination among different departments, minimizing confusion and ensuring everyone works toward the same goals.
Planning, despite its advantages, has several limitations: