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(iv) all the above
(ii) Sri Lanka
(1) In the World Development Report, 2006, the criterion of average income or per capita income used by the World Bank in classifying different countries. The total income of the country divided by its population is defined as the average income or the per capita income
(2) countries are classified according to the WDR 2006 mentioned below: Rich countries :Rich countries are countries with per capital income of 4,53,000 per annum and above in 2004 Low-income countries : Low-income countries are countries with per capital income of 37,000 or less 28,000 per annum is the per capita income in 2004. Developed countries are generally the rich countries, excluding countries of Middle East and certain other small countries are generally called developed countries.
(3) Limitations of the criterion are as mentioned below It does not show that this income is distributed among people. Equitable distributionis there in a country.People are not very rich or extremely poor. With the same average income, one may be extremely rich or may be very poor. So, the correct picture of a country cannot be described by the method of average income. Therefore, this method hides disparities among people.
The World Bank used the average income, i.e. per capita income as the main criterion used by the World Bank in classifying different countries. Countries with per capita income of $10066 and above in 2004 as published by the World Bank according to the World Development Report 2006, are called developed countries. On the other hand, low-income countries are countries with per capita income of $825 or less. Countries based on HDI are compared by the UNDP on
the basis of educational levels of the people, their health status and based on average income. It is better to use Human Development Index as a wider indicator in which per capital income, health and education are also included.
(1) Averages are used for comparing between two countries, two persons or any two or more things.
(2) Thelimitations to the use of averages are as follows: Averages do not define about similarities or differences between two countries, persons or things. Only one aspect income, size etc by averages In case of country, marks or participation in sports activities etc. In case of student, can be compared. The comparison cannot be made for all the aspects or achievements. The comparison is made between only one aspect. It does not provide true picture of different countries, persons or things. For example, Individuals differ in height, health, talents and interests. The healthy person may not be the intelligent. Similarly is the case in respect of countries or states. A country may be more developed than the other. So averages do not provide the correct picture of the country.
The Per capita income is not a useful criterion at all and comparison of states not based on it due to reasons as mentioned below : All the goods and services cannot be bought by money that we need for well being. Income is not a adequate indicator of material goods and services that are used by the citizens. Pollution-free environment in a colony cannot be maintained between rich people unless preventive steps are taken by the whole community. Sometimes, collective services like security is better for the whole locality than the security for one’s own house. Again opening of a school for the children of the whole community than for one or two children of a rich person. Human development ranking in Kerela is better than Punjab. Infant Mortality Rate is 11 in Kerela while 49 in Punjab, whereas the per capita income is much more in punjab than Kerala. It is 26000 in Punjab whereas it is 22800 in Kerala. It is because Kerala has adequate basic health and educational facilities.Similarly in some states, the functioning of Public Distribution System (PDS)is smooth and ration is given regularly to the people whereas in some states the functioning of ration shops is not proper. At such places, a shortage of grains faced by people that affect their health. Thus it is clear that the comparison of states should not be made on the basis of per capita income.
In India, electricity, coal, crude oil, cowdung and solar energy are the present sources used by the people.Fifty years from now, other possibilities could include ethanol, bio-diesel, nuclear energy and wind energy is better utilised especially with the near danger of oil resources running out.
The development should meet the needs of the present without affecting the ability of future generations to meet their needs is defined as Sustainable development. In second half of the twentieth century, The warning is given by a number of scientists that there is no sustainability in the present type and levels of development. It has emerged the issue of sustainable development from rapid industrialization in the past century. The economic growth and industrialization have led to the exploitation of natural resources while the stock of natural resources are limited. So, the future development of all countries is likely to be endangered due to the scarcity of natural resources. Therefore,the important for development is sustainability. Overutilisation of resources are being done. Similarly, the reckless use of non-renewable will lead to exhaustion of these resources.
This statement is correct for the discussion of development since both resources and development are interdependent.Everyone’s need is satisfied with the earthly resources– renewable and non-renewable if the resources are used in an economic manner. For the sustainable development, it is crucial that the resources should be consumed and maintained properly. The resources should be used to protect and keep clear environment so that the balance between the development and resources should be properly maintained.
Few examples of environmental degradation in the area are as follows : Increased emission of smoke from factories and vehicles lead to Air pollution. Due to shops and small factories in residential areas, there is an increase in water pollution. Due to the use of loudspeakers at night and horn blowing unnecessarily on the roads led to increase in noise pollution. People throw garbage wherever they want. And there is no such provision for dustbins in the streets. Due to a lack of public conveniences.Sometimes people openly urinate on the roadsides.
(i) Per capita income in US$ : Sri Lanka is the top country ; Myanmar is the bottom country
(ii) Life expectancy at birth :Sri Lanka is the top country ;Myanmar is the bottom country
(iii) Literacy Rate for 15+ yrs population: Sri Lanka is the top country; Bangladesh is the bottom country
(iv) Gross Enrolment Ratio for three levels: Sri Lanka is the top country ;Pakistan is the bottom country
(v) HDI Rank in the world: Top Country- Sri Lanka is the top country; Nepal is the bottom country
(i) Kerela is quite higher than the people ofnMadhya Pradesh for the nutritional level of people bothn males and females. The ratio of the under nourished is less than that of Madhya Pradesh.
(ii) The reason for the undernourishment of the40% of the people in the country are as follows:
1) There are a large number of poor people who cannot afford nutritious food.
2) In most of the states the Public Distribution System(PDS) does not function properly and the poor people cannot get cheap food items. 3) Lack of educational and health facilities in many parts of the country.Many people are backward and poor. Therefore, they are unable to get nutritious food.